Essay Sample on E-Commerce Focus on the Core Elements

Essay Sample on E-Commerce Focus on the Core Elements Many factors contribute to a companys success or failure. Company is defined by more than just its product or service. An effective organisation has much strength in its favour to remain competitive. Factors such as: flexibility, creativity, openness to use of technology and innovations, a balance between core and context, communication across the organisation and talented employees are a must for competitive advantage (Wignaraja 2004). It is an organisations ability to adjust to changing times that creates a foundation for the public to admire. Integrity is crucial. Upholding the companys value system and word to the public remains a key facet for success. Building any strategy or campaign on this premise presents the best possible and true corporate image to the public and allows for a great amount of trust to form. This paper will explore the notion that an organisation has greater ability to focus on the core when it utilises available technologies and resources to handle its context. This may mean outsourcing some of their processes in order to gain greater optimisation. First, the organisation must have the ability to value technology and innovation. Todays telecommunication is a triumph for human ingenuity and spontaneous order. In some parts it embodies leading edge technology like Asynchronous Transfer Mode but really it is the use of new technologies combined with older ones that makes the Internet so fascinating and vital to business. Specifically the Internet ends distance limitations and it empowers individuals in important new ways to create new enterprise (Gasman 2005, p. 2). The Internet is relatively vast in its freedom. Unlike the traditional telephone, the Internet is not charged by the mile or any distance. This brings people together. With these technologies, makes outsourcing and seamless work flow possible (Grandt 2005). Once a company is able to focus on the core, more attention can be paid to what it values most. Literature suggests that in order to have a balance between context and core, values must stand out (Porter 1985 Bennis 1989). This paper will examine how technology allows an organisation to focus on valued core elements like leadership and communication both of which play a large role in how well technology works for the organisation. Without effective leadership and communication, the outsourcing and logistics that utilise technology would be a skeleton in function. Core values add the flesh, the culture that makes an organisation great. In recent years, the Internet Boom has taken over the way people see business being done. In fact, we live in a trailblazing time when everything about life is changing because of technology. Part of the job of focusing on core is to embrace technology at the core. Geoffrey Moore elaborates that in order to focus on core an organisation must differentiate as much as possible and to assign ones best resources to that challenge (2000, par. 3). This action, however, can be time consuming to take away from the core. In order to complete the task, one must understand the difference between core and context. Moore points out that many companies do not know what is important, only making share holder stock go higher. What is one organisations core may be anothers context (Rowley 2002). He also writes, core and context interoperate to create equality, and both are fundamental to every organisations effectiveness (2000, par. 6). Organisational success is about finding balance and in todays age of e-commerce and enterprise, it seems that it is expected that technology will aid in creating this balance. It is believed once the balance is achieved that one can focus on the core including continued maintenance of the balance between context and core. By challenging certain tasks to technology and outsourcing, an organisation can focus on elements of competitive advantage like leadership and communication. Below will be examples of how Countrywide Financial Corporation and other entities like Global Home Loans achieve this balance through technology and data re-sourcing allowing management to focus on its culture and employee growth. As the act of doing business becomes more innovative due to new technologies and high levels of communication, it is surprising that doing business become more complicated and expensive. Is it the factor of elevated expectation and competition from global markets, it is a lack of understanding your own organisation and its cores? Angelo Mozilo believes that outsourcing creates room for improved focus upon core values and it is with the implementation of high speed communication and data systems that enables people to better interact with each other (2002, par. 3). It allows for context to be processed outside the core, only to return when needed. Outsourcing is much like a double-edged sword, it can be seen as a negative as much as a positive. Many believe that it is stealing from American jobs to use cheaper labour sources in countries like India. Timothy Smith surmises that outsourcing has three functions in making organisations more efficient, effective and reduces costs. O utsourcing enables organisations to reallocate resources (Smith 2001, par. 3). This in turn allows the organisation to spend less time on those tasks, saves it money in labour and location by changing focus from survival to enhancing competitive advantage. An organisation can only do this when it becomes people focused (Ahmed Sharma 2002). Exporting organisations are also seeking ways to lower costs while increasing customer service. A relatively new approach is supply chain management (SCM). Supply chain management differs from traditional materials and manufacturing control in several ways (Burn Hackney 2003). First, SCM views the supply chain as a single process. Second, SCM requires strategic decision-making due to its impact on overall costs and market share. Third, supply chain management regards inventories as a mechanism of last resort. Finally, it requires an integrated approach to systems. Integration results in reduced inventory and significant cost benefits (Trunick 2005). The success of SCM usually involves implementation of an information management system. Still the model is evolving to include new innovations being used as tools. The Amorphous type of chain changes as the company introduces new strategies. This type of model best reflects the continuous flow of ideas and possibilities within the e-commerce construct or Internet medium specifically. It helps anticipate future occurrences. This aids a company’s tracking of Internet use especially when applied to advertising and promotions, as it is known the number of businesses utilising the Internet for e-business purposes was significantly low at 28% though an further 33% were actively considering the implementation (Ritchie Brindley 2002, p. 2). The function of procurement within the logistics process is moving to a new plane of sophistication due to new technologies to make the job simpler. Much of it is moving to the platform of the Internet to maximise efficiency and productivity. E-Procurement is now moving from easy-to-automate tasks like invoicing generations to more complex concerns such a E-marketplace implementation, operation and electronic collaboration. Literature suggests that currently focus in on technologies that support E-procurement of direct goods that are mission critical. Also because raw materials that go into production of the finished product many account for 80 percent of a companys expenses, the saving derived from implementing E-procurement is compelling (Thierauf Hoctor 2003, p. 250). In other words, E-procurement technology offers lower purchase prices to faster fulfilment cycles as well as lower administrative overhead to better control. As a result, companies realise broad, measurable benefits from the implementation of E-procurement. Companies stand to gain even more impressive results from coming generations of the technology that includes connecting to trading exchange with their own industries. This also enables a customer better informed purchases as a company learns to manage production on a daily basi s. This means the capability for the supply chain to extend beyond customers and suppliers improves. This also improves the ability for the company to communicate with the customer and the supplier. This leads to new ideas and knowledge about the process as companies and suppliers work in a join environment. Sometimes organisations look to sourcing inventory as a way to cut costs and speed up the process. GHL will find that by using the Internet as e-strategy that they can achieve multitasking on new levels, allowing for many lines of communication as once. The Internet will allow GHL to tap into a bigger supply base to ensure dependable supply and backup sources. This in turn will reduce the amount it takes to secure shipment of new products. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are particularly valuable in new product introduction because it acts as a means of sharing information. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are software packages that attempt to integrate the information flow within a company, solving the problem of incompatibility between systems and operating practices. The ERP system will streamline the GHL’s data flows and provide management with direct access to a wealth of real-time information. This is facilitated by the used of database techno logies which will link applications together and pass relevant data between them as necessary. Any new information added to one of the system updates the other systems automatically, thus creating complete integration between them (Soh 2002 and Grandt 2005). Directory services and middle ware are used in order to connect the applications and provide an infrastructure for users to communicate with each other and connect to the sources of information. There are many benefits and drawbacks to using this method of data transportation. It is important to analyse rather not this will be good fit for a company like GHL. A key difficulty is that departments distrust the information provided by another department, be it via an information system or some other mechanism. Therefore checking and cleaning the data should be made an integral part of the implementation (Bonner 2002, par. 5). If ERP is integrated with the organisations decision-making structure, ERP can begin to deliver busin ess benefits, impacting data delivery levels. Still its success can only be measured by the attitude of the user. Management is a highly contested area of theory and practice. Essentially, there is a difference between theory and practice (Boddy 2002). It can be easy to confuse the two concepts of management and leadership on an organizational level. In today’s company, the role of management also involves leadership within a team structure. Managers have the responsibility to set goals, maintain moral, aid in training and communicating corporate objectives. However, this does not mean a leader cannot be a subordinate. If a company is smart, it will encourage leadership by example across the board. This instils in the employee a sense of pride and motivates them to achieve goals. A good leader like Angelo Mozilo provides vision and clarity for the team of employees. Such a leader will be able to communicate and create a rapport with their team. This connection begins at a fundamental level of human sociology where the use of story is central. Howard Gardner reflects, the ultima te impact of the leader depends most significantly on the particular story that he or she relates or embodies, and the receptions to that story on the part of the audiences (1995 p. 14). By telling stories, allows for a certain level of openness or vulnerability on the part of the leader and makes them human. By opening the line of communication, gives the employee knowledge of their environment and develops trust. For managers who actively keep and open dialogue are putting their people first. They are more focused on nurturing and training. Research suggests leaders are more interested in mentoring and training their team rather than focusing on output of numbers or turn around time. This once again acts a mini-strategy to manage communication within the team. This development in team building allows for providing people opportunities to learn from their work rather than taking them away from their work to learn (Hughes 2004, p. 4). A healthy culture inspires options and the innovations that grow out of creativity. Still one cannot ignore times of fear. Management sometimes creates fear on purpose or misuses it to work employees harder. This does not create positive outcomes but promotes conflict and an unstable team (Demb 2004). In other words, creates dysfunctional dialogue and a lack of communication. It is clear for management to be successful, it must communicate its vision but also create positive reinforcement. Once key members understand people’s needs, then action can be taken to improve management’s role. Only then will a leader be taken seriously. Recognising positive traits in a team member builds trust, integrity and also meets an important need while building a team. Communicating these facts actively also keeps open the dialogue and in turn, makes people more comfortable and management less unapproachable (Stowell 2005). The leader’s role is to sell the idea of commitment within a culture even if conflict exists. Robbins defines conflict as being a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about (2002, p.384). The traditional school of thought believes that conflict should be avoided at costs where as a modern way of thinking takes into account human relations and how human relations form over time within the organizational construct. With conflict comes the chance communication between employees will become more difficult or fail completely. Every person behaves differently when presented with conflict and the response can create dysfunctional situations. This dysfunction can hinder group performance and make everyday details difficult to see (Demb 2004). Communication can lead to misunderstanding but so does lack of action. Sometimes it is not evident that taking action could have changed the outcome. What is important to an organization is that they follow through with every possibility (Miller Whitney 1999). This is where employees pick up on non-verbal communications from management. If a leader appears not to be concerned, then more than likely the team members will not be either. Internal cues, both verbal and non-verbal are extremely important to not only success but just day-to-day functioning. In order to avoid a complete break down in communication, one recommendation is to institute effective, reliable leadership because that will build trust and communicate skills (Stowell, 2005). First leadership must be put in place then a change of policy can be put into place. There must be consistency with the chain of command where both the product and the use of the product are concerned. Everyone must have the same percep tion of the organisations objective. Everyone within the organization must be on the same page. If new information should become available, there must be a policy in place where employees do not fear speaking up or sharing this information. It must be openly communicated across the board. By having a trusting, open door policy with people creates an atmosphere of safety where communication can take place. It is only when people fear retaliation or negative outcomes, that they keep important facts to themselves. Even those who did stand up are labelled whistle-blowers and this has a negative dysfunctional outcome. So it is important for the health maintenance of the organisation to implement a policy of open communication where everyone stays on the same page. Also another idea is to have a program of due diligence where people back each other up and support each other through periods of conflict (Body 2002). This will enable teams to have not just one chain but multiple cha ins of communications where information is double-checked and triple checked before put into use. This will ensure that any new issues or mistakes are found and addressed before they are put into real-world situations. This can also lead to teams thinking outside the box to create new innovative ideas to fix the problems. By building this type of culture, allows the organisation to maintain a high level of integrity with the public but to also remain competitive within the market. Competition is brutal and the market continues to shrink due to communication technologies. It is important in leadership to embrace change and stick to a vision. By having leadership skills one can recogise the physical and mental signs of our feelings/emotions before we can act on them meaningfully and constructively (Eby Ruin 2004, par. 20). It is by recognising these attributes that one can build an effective team structure. A leader acts as a coach to not only reinforce the game plan with directions but also encourage creativity, new ideas and acquiring new skills. This paper explored the notion that an organisation has greater ability to focus on the core when it utilises available technologies and resources to handle its context. This paper examined how technology allows an organisation to focus on valued core elements like leadership and communication both of which play a large role in how well technology works for the organisation. Without effective leadership and com munication, the outsourcing and logistics that utilise technology would be a skeleton in function. Core values add the flesh, the culture that makes an organisation great.

What Is AP Capstone Should You Do It

What Is AP Capstone Should You Do It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard about the AP program's new diploma program, AP Capstone? Is this just an IB clone or something more interesting? And will completing AP Capstone get you into college? We’ll explore those questions here. Read on for a complete guide to AP Capstone! What Is AP Capstone? AP Capstone is the AP program’s new diploma program. A diploma program is a program that signifies you completed a certain set of requirements in high school to earn an advanced diploma. (This is in addition to your basic high school diploma.) Probably the most well-known advanced diploma program is the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. Perhaps to compete with IB, the AP program launched its own diploma program, AP Capstone, in fall 2014. While the regular AP program allows students to choose whichever AP classes they want to take and doesn’t have any overarching structure, AP Capstone requires you take a certain number of AP classes and meet certain requirements to earn the AP Capstone advanced diploma. You have to take skills-based and subject-based AP classes to earn the Capstone diploma. Specifically, AP Capstone includes two foundation courses – AP Seminar and AP Research – to enhance four subject-specific AP courses (in any subject) for a total of six AP courses. Diagram via College Board. College Board says of the program: â€Å"[AP Capstone] cultivates curious, independent, and collaborative scholars and prepares them to make logical, evidence-based decisions.† In other words, AP Capstone is working to bring some thematic unity to the AP program. Typically, students will choose AP classes that are interesting to them and treat them as totally separate entities. They don’t have to make connections between their AP classes or the skills they require. By including AP Seminar and AP Research, the Capstone program aims to make AP a more cohesive high school program. AP Capstone also includes a 5,000 word research paper, which is quite similar to IB’s extended essay. Additionally, some of the curriculum aligns with new common core standards – a bid to make AP Capstone competitive and desirable to schools in today’s changing education world. How AP Capstone Works To get the AP Capstone diploma, you take two special AP courses. You’ll take AP Seminar in 10th or 11th grade, followed by AP Research in the 11th or 12th grade. (You can’t take both in the same grade; AP Seminar has to come before AP Research!) In addition to AP Seminar and AP Research, you have to take four AP classes of your choosing at any point in high school. This means you could simply take one AP course each year (freshmen, sophomore, junior, senior) or pack them into your last two years of high school. If you receive a 3 or higher on all these exams, you will receive the AP Capstone Diploma. (Of course, there is nothing preventing you from taking more than four AP classes if that's what you want to do. You just need a minimum of four to get the AP Capstone diploma.) If you receive scores of 3 or higher in AP Research and AP Seminar, but don’t take four other AP classes or don’t get high enough AP scores in them, you’ll get the AP Seminar and Research Certificate, which shows you gained college-level academic and research skills. The Two Capstone Courses – AP Seminar and AP Research Both AP Seminar and AP Research aim to create a college-like academic experience right in your high school classroom. The AP Seminar and AP Research classes are the main distinguishing features of AP Capstone. These courses give students additional skills to use in other AP classes and college, but aren’t based in specific subjects (e.g. math, language arts, science, or social studies). They aim to help students do the following: Analyze topics through different lenses for greater meaning or understanding Plan and conduct a study/investigation Propose solutions to real world problems Collaborate to solve a problem Plan and produce communication Integrate, synthesize and make cross-cultural connections Let's take a look at each class to learn more. AP Seminar Overview In Seminar, you'll develop analytic and inquiry skills, exploring two to four issues chosen by you or your teacher, depending on how your teacher runs the class. The class focuses on themes based on student interests, local and/or civic issues, global or international topics, and concepts from other AP courses. For example, you might explore the question of whether national security is more important than a citizen’s right to privacy; or whether genetic engineering is a benefit to society. Both topics would draw from multiple subjects (social studies, science, ethics) and allow you to look at issues through many different lenses. During the course, you also complete a team project, an individual paper and presentation, and take a final AP exam. The AP Seminar Exam score is based on all three components and is reported on the standard 1–5 AP scoring scale. AP Research Overview You have to take AP Seminar before you can take AP Research. While Seminar introduces you to discussion, research, and presentation skills, AP Research allows you to design, plan, and conduct a year-long research-based investigation on a topic that interests you. You'll build on skills from AP Seminar by learning about research methodology, using ethical research practices, and analyzing the information you find to write and defend your argument. Get ready to spend a lot of time in the library! For your research paper, you can dig into a topic you already studied in a different AP course, or come up with your own topic that combines different subjects. At the end of the research investigation, you’ll write a paper of about 5,000 words, then present and defend it. The AP Research Exam score is based on the paper, presentation, and defense, and is reported on the standard 1–5 AP scoring scale. So note that, unlike AP Seminar, there is not a formal AP Research exam. Your paper and presentation will be the exam! How Popular Is AP Capstone? The AP Capstone program is quite new, as it only debuted in 2014. Currently, about 300 American schools, 15 Canadian schools, and 30 other international schools have the program. Considering 894 schools in the US alone have IB, AP Capstone is pretty small in comparison. That said, the program will likely grow and expand quite a bit in the next few years as more schools choose to implement it. Some states don’t have any AP Capstone schools yet.several (like Missouri and Utah) have just one participating school, while others have quite a few. (Florida has almost 100!) It will be interesting to see if the state representation evens out in the coming years or if Capstone becomes very popular in certain states and rare in others. How Capstone Differs From â€Å"Regular AP† The basic AP program is more flexible than AP Capstone. The regular AP program is an â€Å"a la carte† program – you can choose which AP classes to take and how intense you want your schedule to be. Some students might just take 1 or 2 AP classes in high school, others could take over 10. It all depends on how much you want to challenge yourself, how many AP courses your school offers, and which subjects you're interested in. The success of a student is judged by how they do on each exam – students aren’t expected to take a certain number of AP classes or get a certain average score. In short, the basic AP program is quite flexible and can fit the needs of many students. In contrast, AP Capstone is a diploma program with stricter requirements. If you don't take the right AP classes or get high enough AP exam scores, you won't earn the Capstone diploma. How Similar Is AP Capstone to the IB Program? You may be wondering how similar AP Capstone is to the IB program, since they are both advanced diploma programs. We’ll run through some of the main similarities and differences since many students considering IB might also consider AP Capstone, and vice-versa. Similarities Both programs function pretty similarly. Students take advanced classes in high school (marked as either AP or IB), and then take an exam for each class at the end of the year. For both AP Capstone and IB, you have to obtain a minimum score on your exams to earn the diploma. For IB you have to earn at least 24 points total on your exams (IB exams are scored from 1 to 7), for Capstone you need a 3 or higher on each exam. Each program also requires a long piece of writing, though AP Capstone’s 5,000 word research paper is longer than IB's 4,000 word extended essay. Finally, both programs include subject-based and skills-based courses – though IB has one skills-based course, Theory of Knowledge, while AP Capstone has two – Seminar and Research. Differences The IB program requires some of your courses be more difficult, while there’s no distinction between standard level and higher level courses in AP Capstone. To earn an IB diploma, 3 of your 6 courses have to be designated "higher level," while three can be "standard level." For the AP Capstone diploma, you can choose the four additional AP courses you want to take, even if they are known as easier exams. Also, AP Capstone does not have any extracurricular requirements whereas IB has the Creativity, Action, Service program, which essentially requires extracurricular activities. Another major difference between the programs is that AP Capstone has no requirements as to the four additional AP classes you take, whereas in IB you need to take courses from six specific subject areas. So while you could get the AP Capstone diploma with all humanities or all sciences classes if you wanted, IB requires courses taken from across the board. For this reason, the IB Diploma is arguably more comprehensive. Finally, the IB program is more established, since it's a much older program. While many colleges are likely familiar with IB, you may have to explain AP Capstone a bit more on your applications so colleges know what it is and how it's different from regular AP. Should You Take AP Capstone? So now, the big question: if your school (or a school nearby) is offering AP Capstone, should you take it? Before deciding, consider the cost – you’re committing to taking at least 6 exams to earn the diploma. At $91 per exam, that’s significant! Whereas by taking regular AP classes you can decide each year how many AP classes to take and whether you can afford them, for AP Capstone you're committing to a set number. Speaking of which, are you up for six classes? With regular AP you can drop out of any one class at any point, but with Capstone you need 6 courses to finish the diploma. Think hard about whether that’s a commitment you’re willing to take on. Also, who at your school is teaching AP Research and/or AP Seminar? Those courses are a big part of the Capstone experience, so if the teacher isn’t great you might want to skip Capstone and just take regular AP courses. Since this is a new program, expect some kinks and growing pains in the first few years. Be especially cautious if you’re a current sophomore or junior looking to jump into AP Capstone. Talk to your guidance counselor and the Seminar and/or Research teachers to get a sense of what AP Capstone will be like at your school and if you want to do it. If you’re a freshman or younger, you have more time to wait and see how well the program does at your school and at the national level. Will Colleges Care? Similar to IB, since AP Capstone is only offered at a select few schools, colleges won’t be specifically looking for AP Capstone or favoring it, since not all students have access to it. Still, if you take Capstone, aspects of the program – especially the long research paper – will likely look desirable to most colleges. The independent reseach AP Capstone requires could be the topic of a college essay or at least something substantial to talk about in an interview. However, like we mentioned earlier, since AP Capstone is new, make sure you explain what it is on your college applications, so colleges realize that you undertook an advanced diploma program. Odds are, that will look pretty good to them! Also, remember that colleges will look at your schedule in the context of your school, so as long as your schedule is as challenging as possible – whether you’re in Capstone or not – you are setting yourself up for success. It may be that taking AP Capstone will push you to take more AP classes, making your schedule look more challenging in the context of your school. If your school does have Capstone and you opt to not take it, make sure you are taking a challenging mix of AP and honors courses so it doesn't look like you slacked off. What’s Next? If you decide to take AP Capstone, you’ll have to choose 4 AP courses on your own. Read about the hardest and easiest AP classes to help you decide on your schedule. Learn about another popular diploma program – the IB program, and whether or not you should take it or AP. If you’re applying to top colleges, you also need to think about your SAT/ACT score. Come up with a target SAT score based on your dream schools (ACT version here). Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Classification essay, different types of nursing careers CNA, Essay

Classification , different types of nursing careers CNA, LVN,RN,NP - Essay Example v. Due to their low professional levels, and explanation as to why medical facilities find it more logical to apply the services of the RNs rather than LVNs should also be included as well as, the professional difference between the RNs and LVNs should also be indicated. A single RN is only supposed to supervise few LVNs which mean that, the employment of more LVNs also requires the employment of more RNs. i. This section paper aims at giving clear explanations on the duties of RNs which include the treatment of patients; educate the patients and the public regarding various medical issues and provide counseling and emotional support to patients and the deceased families. iii. In the latter parts of this section, a review as to why RNs find it more to their duty to educate patients and families on how to handle their illnesses or injuries, explaining after treatment home care wants; nutrition, diet, and working out programs; and self-provision of medication and body therapy are regarded their responsibility. iv. This section shall also include their working capacities of running general fitness screening or vaccination clinics, blood drives, and public workshops on a variety of conditions as well as, work to promote universal health by enlightening the public on caution signs and symptoms of illnesses. ii. This part shall also aim at clear description of the fact that, a Nurse Practitioner (NP) is a registered nurse (RN) who has supplementary education and preparation in a specific area of expertise such as family unit practice or pediatrics. vi. The capacity to carry out the following activities will also be featured in the paper; documentation of health history of patients, carry out physical examinations, carry out tests and procedures on patients, give solutions to health problems, treat general childhood illnesses, help in the handling of

Which of the following documents (Lee's Resolution, Voting Rights Act Essay

Which of the following documents (Lee's Resolution, Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Declaration of Independence) enforce Civil Rights and which enforce Civil Liberties - Essay Example Hence, the Lee’s resolution can be termed as an enforcer of Civil Liberties, because its objective was to provide the American Colonies independence from British Empire. African Americans in the South were not allowed to vote prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act was a result of continuous public protests and dialogue from the Black community, who demanded political and civil equality in America. This is why it can be said that this act enforced civil rights because it â€Å"expanded voting rights for non-English speaking Americans† (Hines, "Forty-Seven Years After the Voter Rights Act, Blacks are Still Disenfranchised"). President Lyndon B. Johnson presented the Voting Rights Bill in March 1965, which was turned into a law on 6th August 1965. This was an official statement adopted by the Continental Congress on 4th July, 1776, in response to the Lee’s Resolution. With this document of independence, 13 American colonies were formally granted independence from the allegiance of British Empire and the tyrant government of King George III. It remains one of the most memorable and cherished moments in America’s political history, and 4th July is now celebrated as the Independence Day in USA. Its draft was composed by Thomas Jefferson. Therefore, this document could be referred to as an enforcer of civil liberties since it provided liberation to the American colonies fighting for independence from the British regime. Hines, Debbie. "Forty-Seven Years After the Voter Rights Act, Blacks are Still Disenfranchised." Legal Speaks. Vanstudios. 5 Aug. 2012. Web. 22 Sep. 2012.

A Dangerous Method Essay Example for Free

A Dangerous Method Essay A Dangerous Method was nothing short of intriguing and moving. It was a film based on psychoanalysis and the careers of some of its most well-known practitioners, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, Sabina Spielrein, and Otto Gross. I feel that each one of these characters was well played. Each one helped to put the viewer there with them and understand each circumstance clearly. This movie truly displays the reality of what can happen even in such a professional field. While in class, some of these topics can blend together and not really catch my full attention. Since watching this movie the  names Carl Jung, Sabina Spielrein, and Sigmond Freud have stuck in my memory. This movie helped me to understand Freud and Jung’s friendship. I found their differences rather interesting. It seemed to me that Jung was more open to other theories and explanations behind human behavior while Freud seemed very much so stuck in a box with his way of thinking. He would not budge. He wanted to stay on track because it was best for their reputation and their credibility. All while Jung had believed that there was much more to it than Freud had thought. The relationship between Jung and Sabina was intriguing to  say the least. In the beginning of the movie Sabina was having physical ticks and outbursts, also what seemed to me to be hysterical episodes. The movie takes a turn when we find out the root of Sabina’s issues. The fact that her Father was severely abusive to her was bad enough, and then we find out that she liked it and it excited her! This was discovered by Jung’s talking method. This signified the beginning of a whole different and affective method of therapy. Also, after these discoveries were made about Sabina, she seemed to make great progress and calm down. She started school to become a psychologist. Jung and Sabina began working closely with each other and shared ideas and theories. While Sabina moved away to Vienna Jung and Sabina started to have an affair. Carl Jung was married and had children but gave in to his temptations with Sabina. Otto Gross planted the seed in Jung’s head that not only was it O. K. to give in to sexual temptation but unhealthy not to. This affair was both intense and exciting for the viewer. This affair crossed so many boundaries. Carl Jung was married with children and still gave in to his temptations. This affair also grew into something deeper between the two of them. They began to love each other and Jung found himself stuck within his feelings. Not only was this wrong because he was being unfaithful to his wife it was extremely unprofessional. The fact that Sabina was his patient was nothing short of unacceptable. To me, the two should have known better than to think this secret relationship they had would last. Because Jung was Sabina’s therapist, he knew her issues that she was battling. Even though Jung knew these issues he still proceeded to have sex with her in a way that fed her issues. This caused Sabina to become obsessed with him, and when he tried to cut off the relationship, she cut his  face in his office. All of this could’ve been avoided if the both of them respected their relationships. Otto Gross came to Carl Jung as a patient but was also a therapist. He had very different views than Jung and Freud. Like I said earlier he believed that monogamy was unrealistic and as human beings it is unhealthy to act on our sexual urges or desires. He had sex with most of his female patients and was proud of it. This topic in particular is one that got under my skin the most. I disagree with his theory. For one, as human beings in this day in age, we would be spreading diseases left and right if we just had  sex with whoever we desired in that moment. More than we are already. Not only would we be putting our health at risk, there would be another baby boom, and even more failed marriages. It was clear that Gross made Jung feel more comfortable with his urges regarding Sabina which led to nothing but negative effects. Sex is something sacred that should be shared between two people who have love for each other and kept between them. When these boundaries are crossed it leads to heartbreak and hurt to innocent people as well. All in all, this film was a great story about Feud and Jung’s journeys. It helped me to understand their viewpoints better, and understand their relationship. It was also amazing for me to see the transformation of Sabina. She went from a troubled hysterical individual, to a studious, more controlled and calm person. It showed how effective the talking method is. It can help heal people and come face to face with their issues and face them head on. This film also helped me to understand how narrow minded Freud was for a psychoanalysist. This movie was excellent and I would highly recommend it to anyone interested in psychology. It was very interesting.

Probability Theory Statistics :: essays research papers

The Collier Encyclopedia’s definition for probability is the concern for events that are not certain and the reasonableness of one expectation over another. These expectations are usually based on some facts about past events or what is known as statistics. Collier describes statistics to be the science of the classification and manipulation of data in order to draw inferences. Inferences here can be read to mean expectations, leading to the conclusion that the two go hand in hand in accomplishing what mankind has tried to accomplish since the beginning of time – predicting the future. It is the notion of science that this is the most accurate way to predict events yet to occur and this has lead to it being the most widely accepted “fortune telling'; tool in the world today. Probability and Statistics most widespread use is in the arena of gambling. Gambling is big all over the world and lots of money is won and lost with their aid. In horse racing especially the statistics of a horse in terms of its physical condition and winning history sway numbers of persons into believing that the mathematical evidence that is derived can actually be a good indicator of a race’s outcome. Usually it is if the odds or probability are great in favor of the desired outcome. However the future is uncertain and races can turn out any of a number of different ways. The field of medicine is another high subscriber to this forecasting technique. Potential diagnoses are frequently made based on a patient’s history or that of his ancestors and the calculated likelihood of him/her acquiring certain conditions. Statistics and probability aid in the decision making process of which test may be required for a given symptom and how a possible outbreak may be detected and contained. Strategies for isolating and dealing with diseases are often made with the aid of statistics on the percentage of a population that may have been infected and the probability of its escalation. The weather forecasters use probability and statistics just as much if not more than any other field on earth. As weather patterns are not fully understood and are dynamic, analysts have to rely heavily on past weather systems and patterns to “guess'; or estimate the possibility of present weather systems to behave in similar manners. If the probability of its behavior, subject to certain factors, in one manner over another is high forecasters make decisions as to how to advise the public.

The Japanese Culture

The Japanese culture in unlike any other in the world. It has long been known for its excellence in education and its strong background of family and religion.The Japanese culture dates back to 10,000 BC with many fascinating periods and events. They span from the days of the samurai and shogun, to 1945 when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Although a bomb would be a devastating blow for any country, rapid industrialization and aid from the United States brought Japan to the forefront of world affairs. Japan is roughly the size of California with a population of 120 million Japanese, 670,000 Koreans and 130,000 of other nationalities. The capital of Japan is Tokyo and the government is a parliamentary democracy, made up of elected representatives. Chinese culture has about five thousand years history which is an extremely long period of time. The Chinese civilization was growing with these periods of time and it will continues greater than ever and it one of the oldest continuous civilizations in history and dominant cultural center of East Asia is China. Chinese Kung Fu, also known as Chinese martial arts, is an important part of traditional Chinese culture. It is probably one of the earliest and longest lasting sports, which utilizes both brawn and brain3Japan's economic freedom score is 72.3, making its economy the 30th freest in the 2018 Index. Its overall score has increased by 2.7 points, with dramatic deficit reduction improving the score for fiscal health and far outpacing a decline in government integrity. Japan is ranked 8th among 43 countries in the Asia–Pacific region, and its overall score is above the regional and world averages.The economy of Japan is a highly developed and market-oriented economy. It is the third-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP), and is the world's second largest developed economy.Japan is a member of the G7. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP (PPP) was at $37,519, the 28th highest in 2014, down from the 22nd position in 2012. Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Japan's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates widely. Accounting for these fluctuations through use of the Atlas method, Japan is estimated to have a GDP per capita of around $38,490.China's economic liberty score is 57.8, making its economy the 110th freest in the 2018 Index. Its overall score has increased by 0.4 point, with developed scores for government honesty and legal effectiveness more than balancing declines in fiscal health, labor freedom, and property rights. China is graded 24th between 43 countries in the Asia–Pacific region, and its overall score is below the regional and world averages.4The low standard of living permits companies in China to pay their workers less than American workers. That makes products cheaper, which lures overseas producers to outsource jobs to China.

Electrical Conductors vs Insulators Essay

Every thing in the world is differentiable on the basis of its electrical conductance. Some things are called insulators and these substances never conduct electricity. they include things such as cold air,wood and plastic. Then there are things that conduct electricity and current flows through them, they are called conductors. examples of conductors are most metals like copper and steel. Other materials that are sometimes used as conductors are silver, gold, and aluminum. Copper is still the most popular material used for wires because it is a very good conductor of electrical current and it is fairly inexpensive when compared to gold and silver. Aluminum and most other metals do not conduct electricity quite as good as copper. The electrons of different types of atoms have different degrees of freedom to move around. With some types of materials, such as metals, the outermost electrons in the atoms are so loosely bound that they chaotically move in the space between the atoms of that material by nothing more than the influence of room-temperature heat energy. Because these virtually unbound electrons are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the space between adjacent atoms, they are often called free electrons. Also, this relative mobility of electrons within a material is known as electric conductivity. Conductivity is determined by the types of atoms in a material (the number of protons in each atom’s nucleus, determining its chemical identity) and how the atoms are linked together with one another. Materials with high electron mobility (many free electrons) are called conductors, while materials with low electron mobility (few or no free electrons) are called insulators. Some substances that conduct at high temperatures are called semi conductors. they do not conduct as good as conductors but have various uses that make them more versatile than conductors themselves. Lastly, are materials of recent times, called superconductors, that at very low temperatures, such as 230 Kelvin, can conduct freely without any resistance whatsoever. The difference comes down to nothing more than how the electrons are arranged around the nucleus. The laws of quantum physics say that there are only specific bands (or tracks) in which any electron can travel. There are some interesting facts about these bands. First of all, only a very specific number of electrons can travel in each one; once it’s full, it’s full. Second, which track an electron is in corresponds to how much energy that electron has. And third, some of the bands are closer to each other than others. Different atoms have different numbers of electrons, and how those electrons are arranged in the bands defines whether a material made of those atoms will conduct. In every atom, the electrons get as close to the nucleus as possible, since the bands that are closest to the nucleus are also the ones that require the least energy. That means that the outermost shell might not be completely filled, and thus an electron from a nearby atom can join this atom in its outermost shell. these moving electrons create an electrical current. therefore we can say that atoms with empty spaces in the outermost electron bands are conductors. the materials with no empty spaces in the outermost electron band are insulators. They do not let electrons flow very easily from one atom to another. Insulators are materials whose atoms have tightly bound electrons. These electrons are not free to roam around and be shared by neighboring atoms. However there are materials that fall in between conductors and insulators. Their conductance is in between metals and insulators. And their conductance can be modified by shining a light on them or injecting charges. They’re known as semiconductors. They are mostly made of atoms that don’t conduct electricity, but they have a handful of atoms with loose electrons. Under certain circumstances — by changing things like temperature or how much energy is injected — these loose electrons will start a flowing current. Superconductors are very different from the first three, since no material known today superconducts except at very cold temperatures. Scientists are discovering materials that do superconduct closer and closer to room temperature all the time, but no one is quite sure how that happens. However, some scientists have come up with a theory for how the very coldest superconductors work, known as the BCS theory. In such materials, at low temperatures, the atoms vibrate in a way that forces the moving electrons closer together. Normally electrons don’t like to huddle so close, since they’re all electrically negative and therefore repel each other. But in superconductors, the electrons actually achieve almost an attraction for each other. The result is that as one electron moves, it pulls the next electron along right behind it. Electrons slip from atom to atom more easily than they ever do normally. Therefore, atoms which, at the right temperature, can make electrons attract instead of repel each other are superconductors. In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through them. Conductor† implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons tightly and are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free and strongly repel each other. Any external influence which moves one of them will cause a repulsion of other electrons which propagates, â€Å"domino fashion† through the conductor. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not. While the normal motion of â€Å"free† electrons in a conductor is random, with no particular direction or speed, electrons can be influenced to move in a coordinated fashion through a conductive material. This uniform motion of electrons is what we call electricity, or electric current. To be more precise, it could be called dynamic electricity in contrast to static electricity, which is an unmoving accumulation of electric charge. Just like water flowing through the emptiness of a pipe, electrons are able to move within the empty space within and between the atoms of a conductor. The conductor may appear to be solid to our eyes, but any material composed of atoms is mostly empty space! The liquid-flow analogy is so fitting that the motion of electrons through a conductor is often referred to as a â€Å"flow. † With electricity, the overall effect from one end of a conductor to the other happens at the speed of light: a swift 186,000 miles per second!!! Each individual electron, though, travels through the conductor at a much slower pace. Effects on conductance: Different conductors have different levels of conductance. Silver is the best conductor, offering easier passage for electrons than any other material cited. Dirty water and concrete are also listed as conductors, but these materials are substantially less conductive than any metal. Physical dimension also impacts conductivity. For instance, if we take two strips of the same conductive material — one thin and the other thick — the thick strip will prove to be a better conductor than the thin for the same length. If we take another pair of strips — this time both with the same thickness but one shorter than the other — the shorter one will offer easier passage to electrons than the long one. Most metals become poorer conductors when heated, and better conductors when cooled.

The effects of aging and mental health The WritePass Journal

The effects of aging and mental health 1. INTRODUCTION The effects of aging and mental health ), though this is not commonly discussed with the elderly and they are often not aware of the differences between the biological changes they should expect to experience and the onset of disease which may affect their mental health or capacity to be independent (Ennis and Bunting, 2013). Furthermore, we seek need to explain the differences between the expected biological changes that they may experience and when medical help should be sought so that this group become more aware of mental health problems (Callaghan, 2004). As if these remain undiagnosed and untreated, they may result in the development of other more serious conditions (Ferraro and Wilkinson, 2013). This is why this research is so important. Therefore, this study shall be undertaken to explore this phenomena. 5.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In line with the findings from the literature review above, provisionally, the following research questions have been developed. Do elderly patients understand which services are available to them and how these can be accessed? Are elderly patients are aware of how their mental health may change as they grow older? What recommendations can be made in regards to how elderly patients may gain an improved understanding of which services are available to them and how these can be accessed? 5.2. METHODOLOGY This study shall be based on the surveys, which will (Aveyard, 2009), to seek to ascertain how prevalent the issues, which have been outlined above are (Bowling, 2005). It is hoped that this will lead to a number of recommendations, which may be made to seek to resolve or to improve the information regarding the services, which are available to the elderly through the NHS in the UK. 5.3. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY The research philosophy, which has been adopted for this study is positivism (Green and Thorogood, 2006). This means that the research will be based on objective factors, which are collated through observation (Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 2001). This shall be undertaken by seeking to gauge the opinions of elderly patients through disseminating questionnaires to them to seek to understand how prevalent the issues associated with the mental health care of the elderly are in the UK. 5.4. RESEARCH APPROACH The research approach, which has chosen for this study is qualitative in nature. A qualitative study is a piece of primary research, which seeks to understand real world issues. Therefore the surveys, which shall be conducted, shall seek to ascertain how the elderly feel that they are informed of current services, which are available to them through the NHS in the UK.This will allow the researcher to explore the problem, which was outlined above and to see if any new recommendations should be made to help to ensure that elderly patients receive the correct information in regards to the services, which are available to them through the NHS. 5.5. RESEARCH STRATEGY The research strategy, which has been chosen for this study is surveys (Robson, 2002), which will be combined with an empirical methodology to seek to ensure that the findings from these are validated. 5.6. DATA COLLECTION Data collection shall be undertaken by disseminating a number of surveys to elderly patients, who attend their GP surgeries. These shall be used to collect information to investigate the research problem, which has been stated above. 5.7. DATA ANALYSIS All analyses shall be based the results of the surveys which are disseminated and statistical tools such as, SPSS.. 5.8. ACCESS Access to this these patients shall be agreed with the managers of GP surgeries prior to he undertaking of this study. 5.9. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND GENERALISABILITY The findings from this study should be reliable and repeatable, as the methods shall be based on a survey work, which will be conducted in a number of doctor’s surgeries in the United Kingdom. Additionally the results from these shall be statistically analysed. This will ensure that the parameters of the study are met and that the results can be generalised to wider populaces. 5.10. ETHICAL ISSUES Issues such as, patient confidentiality and privacy have been considered, the aims of the research shall be communicated to respondents prior to their involvement in the research. Once they have agreed to take part, they will be given a statement, which details the nature of the study, how their responses and identities shall be kept confidential and how the results will be utilised by the researcher. Furthermore, the researcher shall provide their contact details on the questionnaire to ensure that if respondents have any concerns or queries regarding the study they can be answered. Each of these factors shall ensure that this research shall be conducted and undertaken in an ethical manner, so that individual’s confidentiality, personal information and opinions remain private. 5.11. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS As this research is based on survey research there may be a number of limitations, which need to be considered. These stem from a number of issues such as the fact that respondents may not fully complete their questionnaires, they may not wish to partake in the study, the number of responses to the surveys may be limited, it may be challenging to find doctors surgeries who are willing to let their patients take part in this research or the findings from the research may be limited due to responses given by respondents. However, if this is the case then the parameters of the study shall be re-examined to seek to ensure that these limitations are minimised where possible. 6 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study shall be undertaken by conducting survey research in a number of doctor’s surgeries in the United Kingdom. The information which is collated from these surveys will be enable us to ascertain if the current methods which are utilised by the NHS to inform elderly patients of the information and services which are available to them In regards to their mental health meets their needs. This will also enable us to ascertain to what extent and how effectively the elderly are able to access information and services through the NHS. Once this information has been collated and analyzed where appropriate a number of recommendations may be made. 7 TIME CHART Tasks Task Lead Start End Literature Review Researcher 08/08/2013 29/08/2013 Write Up Results Researcher 29/08/2013 30/09/2013 Write Methodology Researcher 21/09/2013 21/10/2013 Collate Data Researcher 21/10/2013 21/01/2014 Write up results Researcher 21/01/2014 21/01/2014 Write discussion Researcher 21/01/2014 21/02/2014 Write conclusions Researcher 21/02/2014 30/02/2014 REFERENCES Age Concern (2007) Promoting Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life. Available @ nationalcareforum.org.uk/content/Inquiry%20report%20Promoting%20mental%20health%20and%20well-being%20in%20later%20life%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Recommendations.pdf (Accessed 08/08/2013) Aveyard, H. (2009) Doing a literature review in health and social care. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Bauermeister, S. (2012). Lifestyle activities, mental health and cognitive function in adults aged 50 to 90 years. Available from http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7069 (Accessed 08/08/2013). Blaxter L., Hughes C. and Tight, M. (2001) How to research. Buckingham: Open University Press. Bowling, A. and Embrahim, S. (2005) Handbook of health research methods. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Burns, R. (2000) Introduction to research methods. London: Sage. Callaghan, P. (2004). Exercise: a neglected intervention in mental health care? Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 11(4), 476-483. Dahl, A. A., Olssà ¸n, I. (2013). Unfavorable health conditions associated with high social anxiety in the elderly: A community-based study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 67(1), 30-37. Dwyer, K. K. (1998). Communication apprehension and learning style preference: Correlations and implications for teaching. Communication Education, 47(2), 137-150. Ennis, E., Bunting, B. P. (2013). Family burden, family health and personal mental health. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-9. Ferraro, K. F., Wilkinson, L. R. (2013). Age, Aging, and Mental Health. In Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health (pp. 183-203). Springer Netherlands. Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., Freedman, M. M., Frick, K. D., Glass, T. A., Hill, M. J., Zeger, S. (2004). A social model for health promotion for an aging population: initial evidence on the Experience Corps model. Journal of Urban Health, 81(1), 64-78. Gilbert, N. (2008) Researching social life. London: Sage. Green, J. (2000). The role of theory in evidence-based health promotion practice. Health Education Research, Oxford University Press. Green, J. and Thorogood, N. (2006) Qualitative methods for health research. London: Sage. Guardian (2007) Mental Health Services are failing the Elderly. Available @ guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/aug/13/health.politics (Accessed 08/08/2013). Hancock, G. A., Reynolds, T., Woods, B., Thornicroft, G., Orrell, M. (2003). The needs of older people with mental health problems according to the user, the carer, and the staff. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 18(9), 803-811. Hill, R. D., Duffy, M. (2012). Promoting Healthy Aging in Counseling Psychology. The Oxford Handbook of Prevention in Counseling Psychology, 315. Hunkeler, E. M., Katon, W., Tang, L., Williams, J. W., Kroenke, K., Lin, E. H., Unà ¼tzer, J. (2006). Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomised trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. Bmj, 332(7536), 259-263. Jarvis, P. (2012). Adult learning in the social context (Vol. 78). Routledge. Jokela, M., Batty, G. D., Kivimki, M. (2013). Ageing and the prevalence and treatment of mental health problems. Psychological medicine, 1-9. Jones, P. B. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202 (s54), s5-s10. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lehmann, H., Syrdal, D. S., Dautenhahn, K., Gelderblom, G., Bedaf, S., Amirabdollahian, F. (2013, February). What Should a Robot do for you? -Evaluating the Needs of the Elderly in the UK. In ACHI 2013, The Sixth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions(pp. 83-88). Meadows, G., Harvey, C., Fossey, E., Burgess, P. (2000). Assessing perceived need for mental health care in a community survey: development of the Perceived Need for Care Questionnaire (PNCQ). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 35(9), 427-435. Olson, S. J. (2013). Public Health for an Aging Society. Health Promotion Practice, 14(1), 7-9. Robson, C. (2002) Real world research. Oxford: Blackwell. Saks, M. and Allsop, J. (2007) Researching health qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. London: Sage. Shah, A., Bhat, R. (2008). The relationship between elderly suicide rates and mental health funding, service provision and national policy: a cross-national study. International Psychogeriatrics, 20(3), 605-615. Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357-377). Springer Netherlands. Tones, K. and Green, J (2004). Health Promotion Planning and Strategies. London: Sage Wills, J. and Earle, S. (2007), Theoretical perspectives on promoting public health. IN: Earle, S., Lloyd, C.E., Sidell, M., Spurr, S. Theory and research in promoting public health. Sage publications in association with the Open University.

The History of Mr. Potato Head

The History of Mr. Potato Head Did you know that the original Mr. Potato Head was missing a head? The original model didnt come with the familiar brown plastic potato. Inventing Mr. Potato Head In 1949, Brooklyn inventor and designer George Lerner (1922–1995) came up with a revolutionary idea: a toy that children could design themselves. His toy came bundled as a set of plastic body parts- noses, mouths, eyes- and accessories- hats, eyeglasses, a pipe- that were attached to pins. Children would then decorate a potato or other vegetable with the pieces, inventing as they went along.   Lerner shopped his toy idea around for a year but met with resistance. During World War II, the U.S. had suffered through food rationing and somehow using a potato as a toy seemed like a waste. So, instead, Lerner sold his idea to a cereal company for US$5,000, who would distribute his plastic parts as prizes in cereal.   Mr. Potato Head Meets Hasbro In 1951, the Rhode Island Hassenfeld Brothers company was primarily a toy manufacturing and distributing company, making modeling clay and doctor and nurse kits. When they met George Lerner, they saw great potential and paid the cereal company to stop production, buying the rights to Mr. Potato Head for $7,000. They gave Lerner $500 in advance and 5 percent royalties for every set sold.   Girl playing with Mr. Potato Head in 1953. Picture Post / Getty Images Those first sets had hands, feet, ears, two mouths, two pairs of eyes, and four noses; three hats, eyeglasses, a pipe, and eight pieces of felt suitable for beards and mustaches. They came with a styrofoam head that children could use, but instructions suggested a potato or other vegetable would do as well.   In 2002, Mr. Potato Head celebrated his 50th birthday, with these retro examples of the old spud. Spencer Platt / Getty Images The First TV Ad for Children The first television advertisement directed to children, rather than adults, was by the Hassenfeld Brothers for Mr. Potato Head, with the toy riding in a wagon and playing with kids; it premiered on April 30, 1952. The kits sold like hotcakes: the Hassenfelds earned more than $1 million in the first year; in 1968, they changed their name to Hasbro, and today they are the third largest toy company in the world.  Ã‚   Mrs. Potato Head and the Kids By 1953, it became clear that Mr. Potato Head needed a family. Mrs. Potato Head, their children Yam and Spud, and the childrens friends Kate the Carrot, Pete the Pepper, Oscar the Orange, and Cookie Cucumber soon joined the family. A Mr. Potato Head car, boat, and kitchen were soon marketed, and eventually, the brand expanded into puzzles, creative play sets, and electronic hand-held board and video games.   Hasbros later successes include Monopoly, Scrabble, Play-Doh, Tonka trucks, G.I. Joe, Tinker Toys, and Lincoln Logs; but the first and most influential was the famous spud.   Safety Issues The United States was changing rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and by the late sixties, the first child safety laws were passed, the Child Protection Act of 1966, and the 1969 Child Protection and Toy Safety Act. The gave the Federal Drug and Safety administration the ability to ban unsafe toys: the Consumer Product Safety Administration wasnt  formed until 1973.   Mr. Potato Heads small pieces of plastic with sharp pins on them were considered unsafe for small children. At the same time, parents complained that they kept finding moldy potatoes under their kids beds. In 1964, Hasbro began making hard plastic bodies, and eventually larger body and part sizes for its plastic potato.   Kylo Ren Mr. Potato Head. Hasbro The Modern Mr. Potato Head Hasbro has developed a reputation for responding to cultural changes, or perhaps taking advantage of them. In 1986, Mr. Potato Head became the official spokespud of the Great American Smokeout, surrendering his pipe to then-surgeon general C. Everett Koop. In 1992, Mr. Potato Head starred in an early Public Service Announcement for the Presidents Council for Physical Fitness, renouncing his role as couch potato.  In 1996, Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head joined the League of Women Voters in an advertising campaign to get out the vote, and in 2002 when he turned 50, he joined the AARP.   Mr. Potato Head has become a staple of American culture over the years. In 1985, he received four write-in votes in the mayoral election in the potato hotbed of Boise, Idaho. He also had a starring role in all three Toy Story  movies, where he was voiced by veteran character actor Don Rickles.  Today, Hasbro, Inc. still manufactures Mr. Potato Head, still responding to cultural changes with special Mr. Potato Head kits for Optimash Prime, Tony Starch, Luke Frywalker, Darth Tater, and Taters of the Lost Ark. Sources Everhart, Michelle. Even at 50, Mr. Potato Head still all smiles. Quad City Times. August 22, 2002.   Miller, G. Wayne. Toy Wars: The Epic Struggle between G.I. Joe, Barbie, and the Companies That Make Them. New York: Times Books 1998.   Mr. Potato Head. Western Pennsylvania History Spring 2016:10.   Swann, John P. Clacker Balls and the Early Days of Federal Toy Safety. FDA Voice. U.S. Food and Drug Association 2016. Web.

Childrens Rights in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Childrens Rights in Education - Essay Example Children are a symbol of the continuity of society, and our hope and faith that the world goes on. Though parents and guardians are often seen as role models for children to emulate in society, as they grow up to the realities of the world around them, it is no less important to recognize that children too must have a right to voice their feelings about how they feel, what they want and what they do not prefer in regard to physical, emotional, psychological, educational and mental development. Organizations like the UNICEF, OHCHR and others have promoted the cause of children’s rights through programs like Right to Voice, the Junior 8 Summit, the Children’s Climate Forum and the Right to Know Initiative, covering everything from global climate change to knowledge about AIDS and how to prevent HIV infections. They believe that involving children in these initiatives will not only make them more aware of these important issues but in time turn them into emerging leaders a nd developers in society. Invariably, children’s right to voice will have a visible impact on their right to education and vice versa. Discussion What does the right to voice mean for children? How can we address the rights to voice of the child to be heard? These and related questions will form the basis for this essay. Our children are our leaders of tomorrow and listening to them and giving them a voice in decisions impacting the future of their society will certainly reap dividends by making them aware and more responsible about these issues. It is also important to fight for the rights of the child in closed societies where they are suppressed and controlled through age old hierarchical traditions. The UK and Northern Ireland ratified the United Nations Convention for the Rights of the Child on 16 December 1991. This document summarizes no less than 42 tenets that must be followed by every country accepting it; furthermore there is also a responsibility to educate school s, teachers, parents and guardians on these matters (OHCHR, 1990, 1). According to Article 2 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, it is expected that: â€Å"The child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding. The child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity† (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, 1). Unfortunately, due to various social evils prevalent across different parts of the world, there are organized efforts to exploit children in various ways, ranging from child labour to slavery to prostitution. Children’s Rights Laws have been created to deal with cases involving juvenile delinquency, ensuring due process for children involved in the criminal justice system, allocating appropriate representation and effective rehabilit ative services, providing for the care and protection for children under State care and ensuring proper health care advocacy and education for all children regardless of their origin, race, gender, disabilities or abilities. The aim of child rights in education and in the community is meant to ensure a hopeful existence free of violence, exploitation, poverty and neglect as experienced in many underdeveloped nations. It is clear that all children regardless of where they are born in the world have a need for and should be provided access to basic education, health services and support systems that nurture love, hope and encouragement by society. Undoubtedly all these things are required in order for them to experience childhood to the fullest and to eventually develop into

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Critique - Essay Example Perhaps it continued to exist in other places on the globe, but only in isolated pockets and less so with every passing year. In fact, slavery has continued with vigor since, only it has lost its former veneer of legitimacy and gone underground, where it has thrived. Mark Lagon’s article in the Washington Times, â€Å"Modern-day Slavery,† effectively makes that very point: slavery still exists; it involves children and women, can include horrific sexual violations and violence, and is a phenomenon which ought to be of great concern to the United States because it too is a country where it has reared its ugly head. Lagon’s strategy for making his case involves several references to real-life human cases so as to provide to the reading public an idea of what victims of human-trafficking face. He mentions the case of â€Å"two Indonesian women who were beaten, starved and never allowed out of the mansion where they worked as domestic servants† (Lagon 2008). This sort of picture is quite effective. The image of women being wronged and held against their will is sure to garner sympathy with the public. After mentioning some of the efforts of the United States government against human trafficking, he points to a case where those same efforts have been met with some success. He writes of an Indian couple, â€Å"Manesh and Jaya,† who were â€Å"forced to work in a brick kiln in India, treated as less than human because they were born into the lowest caste of their society. They were freed from bonded labor and received restitution with help from International Justice Mission â⠂¬â€œ which my office funds as a partner† (Lagon 2008). This provides a contrast with the other â€Å"human† reference because it shows how American efforts have helped those in need. Lagon also makes use of references to well-known governmental/political figures and leaders so as to give his piece a sense of